Medicines that kill parasites, stop their growth or paralyze them are called antiparasitic drugs. They may be given orally (by mouth) or applied topically to the skin.
These medicines are used to treat many types of infections caused by parasites in humans and other animals, such as head lice, fleas, ticks, bedbugs and scabies mites. They can also be used to prevent parasitic worms.
Albendazole
Albendazole is a prescription medicine used to treat some types of parasitic infections. It works by preventing new worms from growing or multiplying.
It is available in tablets and liquid suspension, but you should always use the medication exactly as directed by your healthcare provider. Store it at room temperature, 68degF to 77degF (20degC to 25degC).
The recommended dose of albendazole is 400 mg twice daily. If the medication is not well tolerated, you may need to lower your dose or stop taking it.
Your doctor will monitor your blood counts and liver function before and during treatment to make sure you don’t have too much of the drug in your body. This can cause your white blood cells to become low, which can make you sick.
If you have neurocysticercosis or a Taenia infection of the brain, there is a risk that the drug will lead to higher pressure in your brain. This can cause seizures. This is why your doctor will prescribe steroids and anti-seizure medications during treatment.
In a small number of people, albendazole has been linked to elevated liver enzymes and leukopenia (low white blood cell count). These side effects usually occur when you have hepatitis C or other types of liver disease.
Praziquantel
Praziquantel is the most effective medicine for schistosomiasis and other parasitic worm infections in humans. This drug increases the permeability of schistosome membranes towards calcium ions, resulting in contraction of the parasites’ muscle, causing spastic paralysis.
It is an oral antihelmintic that can be delivered through mass drug administration (MDA) programs in endemic countries and has been shown to be highly effective against S. mansoni in children.
The mode of action of praziquantel is not well understood but there is some evidence to support that the drug causes contraction of schistosome muscles by increasing the permeability of their membranes towards calcium ions. The dying parasites are then either absorbed into systemic circulation or killed by the host’s immune response.
For the treatment of human schistosomiasis, a single dose of 40 mg/kg praziquantel resulted in >90% cure and egg reduction rates. In addition, mild adverse effects including abdominal pain/discomfort, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, bloody stool, nausea, and itching were observed but resolved within 24 hours after administration of the drug.
Nevertheless, the praziquantel effectiveness may be variable because of the high prevalence and intensity of infection. This is because many individuals in infected areas have the potential to carry pre-patent infections that are not susceptible to praziquantel and to be re-infected soon after treatment.
Tiabendazole
The best medicine for parasites in humans is thiabendazole. Tiabendazole is an anthelmintic that works against a number of intestinal parasites including ascarids, Filaroides and Strongyloides stercoralis.
Thiabendazole is a benzimidazole anthelmintic and its oral LD50 in mice is 3.2 g/kg, in rats 3.1 g/kg, and in rabbits 3.8 g/kg. It is metabolized to the 5-hydroxy form that appears in the urine as glucuronide or sulfate conjugates and is excreted in the feces within 24 hours.
To use thiabendazole, take the tablet or suspension as directed by your doctor. Measure each dose carefully with a dose-measuring dropper, spoon or cup.
You should also measure the liquid before drinking it to make sure you get the correct amount. You can also ask your pharmacist to help you.
Ivermectin is a highly effective, broad-spectrum, semi-synthetic macrocyclic lactone that was first developed for animal use in 1981 and approved for human use in 1987 (Campbell 1991). It is very safe and causes paralysis of most intestinal parasites through its effect on ion channels in their cell membranes. It is usually administered as a single dose or over a period of two days.
Ivermectin
Ivermectin kills parasitic worms by causing damage to their nerves and muscles. This paralyzes them and causes them to die. It is approved for oral use to treat onchocerciasis (river blindness) and intestinal strongyloidiasis, and for topical use to treat head lice and skin conditions like rosacea.
The drug also is approved for veterinary use to prevent and treat internal and external parasitic infections in animals. It is used in livestock to help prevent and control infections caused by roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, tapeworms and other parasites.
Ivermectin is also sometimes used off label to treat COVID-19, a coronavirus that caused the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 2009. The American Medical Association, American Pharmacists Association and American Society of Health-System Pharmacists strongly oppose the prescribing, ordering or dispensing of ivermectin to prevent or treat COVID-19 outside of a clinical trial.
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mebendazole
Mebendazole is a member of the benzimidazole group of medicines that kill parasites in the gut. It works by preventing the worms from absorbing the sugars they need to survive.
This kills the worms quickly, but they may not die completely. This medicine is usually used to treat threadworm infections and some other worms. It is not a complete cure and you must follow good hygiene practices to stop the worms from coming back.
The best way to use mebendazole is to take it as directed by your doctor, and in the amount prescribed. It should be taken twice a day, at least 30 minutes before and after meals. You should also take the recommended dose of digestive enzymes. This will help to restore your intestinal tract to its normal state, which makes it inhospitable to parasites.
Your doctor will prescribe the correct dosage based on your age, weight, and type of worm infection. Your doctor will also consider your other medications, health conditions, and personal habits.
Mebendazole is not suitable for people who are pregnant or breastfeeding, or those with liver disease or bowel problems. It can cause side effects such as stomach cramps, diarrhea, and nausea.
praziquantel
Praziquantel is an anthelmintic used to treat a number of parasitic worm infections including schistosomiasis. It is an effective, safe, and cost-effective medication that kills schistosoma worms and prevents re-infection in children.
Praziquantel affects the permeability of the cell membrane of schistosomes to calcium ions, resulting in their contraction and vacuolization. This causes a reduction in the size of schistosomes and their tegument (tegument is the protective covering for worms).
The drug also inhibits glucose uptake, lowers glycogen levels, and stimulates lactate release. This is why praziquantel is also used to treat a condition called glucosuria.
In schistosomiasis, the main target is to control infection by eliminating worms through regular and repeated treatment in the affected population. This is achieved through the use of praziquantel, access to clean water, improved sanitation, hygiene education, and snail control.
Praziquantel is a broad spectrum schistosomacide that is effective against all five schistosome species. It is usually administered in the form of a tablet or injection. It is the preferred drug for treatment of schistosomiasis and liver fluke infections.
miltefosine
A new, life-saving medicine to treat a rare type of infection has been made available in the US for the first time. It’s called miltefosine, a microbe-killing drug that can help save an infected person’s life. But until recently, it was kept at the CDC headquarters in Atlanta and had to be flown or driven from there if patients needed it.
This oral, hexadecylphosphocholine drug was developed as an anticancer agent and has been effective in visceral (Jha et al 1999) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (Sundar et al 2002; Soto et al 2004; Chrusciak-Talhari et al 2011). It is safe to use, has good efficacy against resistant isolates of Leishmania, and has mild gastrointestinal toxicity.
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